Royal Baby Jh Heard and Son Baby Shawl

Practice of wrapping infants so as to restrict motility

Swaddling is an historic period-onetime do of wrapping infants in blankets or similar cloths so that movement of the limbs is tightly restricted. Swaddling bands were frequently used to further restrict the babe. Swaddling roughshod out of favor in the 17th century.

Some authors are of the opinion that swaddling is becoming popular again, although medical and psychological opinion on the furnishings of swaddling is divided. Some modern medical studies indicate that swaddling helps babies fall asleep and to remain asleep and helps to proceed the babe in a supine position, which lowers the hazard of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).^[1] Nevertheless, some other study indicated that swaddling increased the take a chance of SIDS.^[2] Additionally, emerging prove is showing that certain swaddling techniques may increase the risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip.^[3]

Origin and history [edit]

Several authors assume that swaddling was invented in the paleolithic period.^{[4] [5] [6]} The earliest depictions of swaddled babies are votive offerings and grave goods from Crete and Cyprus, 4000 to 4500 years onetime.

Votive offerings depicting swaddled babies from Agia Triada (Crete), Bronze Age, 2600-2000 BC., Heraklion (Iraklion), Crete. Archeological museum Iraklion

Votive statuettes take been found in the tombs of Aboriginal Greek and Roman women who died in childbirth, displaying babies in swaddling clothes. In shrines dedicated to Amphiaraus, models representing babies wrapped in swaddling clothes have been excavated. Evidently, these were ofttimes given as thank-offerings past anxious mothers when their infants had recovered from sickness.^[vii]

Probably the virtually famous record of swaddling is found in the New Attestation concerning the nascence of Jesus in Luke two:6–ii:7:

And and then information technology was, that, while they were there, the days were accomplished that she should be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn.

Swaddling apparel described in the Bible consisted of a cloth tied together by bandage-similar strips. After an babe was built-in, the umbilical cord was cut and tied, and and then the baby was washed, rubbed with salt and oil, and wrapped with strips of textile. These strips kept the newborn kid warm and also ensured that the child's limbs would grow straight. Ezekiel 16:4 describes Israel as unswaddled, a metaphor for abandonment. ^[8]

During Tudor times, swaddling involved wrapping the new baby in linen bands from head to human foot to ensure the infant would grow upward without physical deformity. A stay band would be fastened to the brow and the shoulders to secure the head. Babies would be swaddled like this until near 8 or ix months.^[9]

The Swiss surgeon Felix Würtz (approx. 1500 to approx. 1598) was the first who criticized aspects of swaddling openly.^[x]

I also saw right and straight children created by God and born into this world by humans, who became nevertheless bent and lame men, who never got straight and healthy thighs. (…) In improver, I have for example allow a child lay once more down and tied up, so that I see, in which way he was swaddled. There I so actually saw, where information technology was gone wrong (…). Past misunderstanding still they wanted to bind him straight, but in fact they bind him bent and tighten the bandages hard, so that the child cannot have peace (….).^[11]

In the seventeenth century, the scientific stance towards swaddling began to change. In that location was an association of neglect with swaddling, especially regarding wetnurses who would leave babies in their intendance swaddled for long periods without washing or comforting them.^[12] More than a hundred years afterward Würtz, physicians and philosophers from England began to openly criticize swaddling and finally demanded its complete abolishment. The British philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) rejected swaddling in his 1693 publication Some Thoughts Apropos Pedagogy, condign a lobbyist for not binding babies at all.^[13] This idea was very controversial during the time, simply slowly gained ground, showtime in England and afterward elsewhere in Western Europe.

William Cadogan (1711–1797) seems to take been the first md, who pleaded for the complete abolition of swaddling. In his "Essay upon Nursing" of 1748, he expressed his view of gimmicky child care, swaddling, the topic of likewise much vesture for infants and overfeeding. He wrote:

Merely besides the Mischief arising from the Weight and Heat of these Swaddling-cloaths, they are put on and then tight, and the Child is so cramp'd by them, that its Bowels have not room, nor the Limbs any Liberty, to act and exert themselves in the free piece of cake Fashion they ought. This is a very hurtful Circumstance, for Limbs that are non used, volition never be stiff, and such tender Bodies cannot bear much Force per unit area.^[fourteen]

Philosophers and physicians more and more began to reject swaddling in the 18th century. Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote in his book Emile: Or, On Instruction in 1762:

The child has inappreciably left the female parent's womb, information technology has hardly begun to move and stretch its limbs, when it is given new bonds. Information technology is wrapped in swaddling bands, laid down with its head stock-still, its legs stretched out, and its arms by its sides; it is wound round with linen and bandages of all sorts and so that information technology cannot movement […]. Whence comes this unreasonable custom? From an unnatural practise. Since mothers despise their primary duty and do not wish to nurse their ain children, they have had to entrust them to mercenary women. These women thus become mothers to a stranger'south children, who by nature mean so little to them that they seek only to spare themselves trouble. A child unswaddled would need constant watching; well swaddled information technology is bandage into a corner and its cries are ignored […]. It is claimed that infants left free would assume faulty positions and brand movements which might injure the proper evolution of their limbs. This is i of the vain rationalizations of our false wisdom which experience has never confirmed. Out of the multitude of children who grow up with the full use of their limbs among nations wiser than ourselves, you never observe one who hurts himself or maims himself; their movements are likewise feeble to be unsafe, and when they assume an injurious position, pain warns them to change it.

Although this form of swaddling has fallen out of favour in the Western world, many Eastern cultures and tribal people still apply information technology.^[15]

Modern swaddling [edit]

The swaddling clothes of medieval Madonna and Child paintings are now replaced with cotton receiving blankets, cotton muslin wraps, or specialised "winged" baby swaddles. Mod swaddling is becoming increasingly pop today as a means of settling and soothing irritable infants and helping babies sleep longer with fewer awakenings. Since the early 1990s, the medical community has recommended placing babies on their dorsum to sleep to reduce the run a risk of SIDS. As studies proved swaddled babies sleep improve in the back sleeping position, swaddling has become increasingly popular and recommended then parents avert the dangerous tummy sleeping position. Swaddling also prevents newborns waking themselves with their Moro reflex.^[ane]

A modern application of swaddling

Loose and ineffective swaddling techniques made while using an undersized blanket tin generally exist kicked off by a wakeful babe. It is important for caregivers to achieve a secure swaddle to ensure the blanket does not become loose and the baby remains wrapped during the sleep catamenia. The act of swaddling does conduct a risk of the baby overheating if the caregiver uses multiple blankets that are too thick or uses thick fluffy fabric that creates excessive thermal insulation.^[16]

Mod specialized baby swaddles are designed to make information technology easier to swaddle a baby than with traditional square blanket. They are typically fabric blankets in a triangle, 'T' or 'Y' shape, with 'wings' that fold effectually the baby's torso or down over the baby'due south shoulders and effectually underneath the infant. Some of these products utilize Velcro patches or other fasteners. Some parents adopt a specialized device because of the relative ease of use, and many parents prefer a large square receiving blanket or wrap considering they can get a tighter and custom fit and the babe will not outgrow the blanket.

To avoid hip dysplasia chance, the swaddle should be done in such a way that the baby is able to move his or her legs freely at the hip.^[17] This is more hands done with a large blanket that can go along the arms in identify while allowing the legs flexibility, all while allowing for proper hip development.

By the time the baby is learning to whorl over, often effectually 4–5 months, parents and caregivers should transition the baby from swaddling to a less restrictive covering for sleep. If the baby can roll over, so it is important for the babe to have use of its hands and artillery to conform his or her caput position after rolling over. The traditional swaddling uses flat strings for babies to be tied; care is needed not to necktie them as well hard or blood catamenia would be restricted.

Regional variations [edit]

Swaddling is all the same practiced worldwide.^[xviii] In some countries, swaddling is the standard treatment of babies. In Turkey, for instance, 93.one% of all babies become swaddled in the traditional way.^[19] According to the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), 39% of all documented gimmicky non-industrialized cultures show swaddling practices; further 19% use other methods of movement restriction for infants.^[20] Some authors presume that the popularity of swaddling is growing in the U.S., Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the Netherlands.^[21] A British sample showed upwardly 19.iv% of the babies are swaddled at night.^[22] In Germany, swaddling is not used equally routine care measure out and experiences relatively piddling acceptance, equally the missing mentioning of this practice in the standard work on regulatory disturbances of Papusek shows.^[23]

Medical uses [edit]

Swaddling as a medical intervention with a clearly limited indication range is used in the care practices of premature babies or crybabies with brain-organically provable damage.^[24] Also swaddling is used for reducing pain in such intendance deportment every bit collecting blood at the heel.^[25] The swaddling of these premature babies (very low birth weight infants) takes place only very loosely. It is meant to hold the weak arms at the trunk and brand certain movements possible.^[26] This "swaddling" is something completely unlike from traditional swaddling in the stretched position.

Psychological and physiological furnishings [edit]

Mod medical studies of swaddling employ a form that is considerably shorter and less severe than the historical forms. The classical report by Lipton et al. of 1965 dealt with a mod swaddling form. The researchers described the two main furnishings of tightly wrapping babies: they are motorically calm and sleep much.^[27] These furnishings are detected by means of diverse psycho-physiological parameters, such equally center rate, slumber elapsing and duration of crying. The inquiry group around the Dutch biologist van Sleuwen in 2007 confirms this moving-picture show in their latest meta-assay of medical studies on swaddling and its furnishings.^[28]

However, severe restrictions on the scope of these studies should be kept in heed, because near of the positive effects mentioned past van Sleuwen et al. are non related to normally developed newborns, but to impaired babies, namely premature babies and babies with detectable organic encephalon damage.^[29] Swaddling enhances the REM slumber (active sleep) and besides the whole slumber duration.^[thirty] The result of swaddling on the regulatory disturbance excessive crying is not very disarming: By adding the swaddling at that place is an immediate "calming" effect on children, only after a few days the effect of the introduction of regularity with swaddling is exactly the same every bit the regularity on its own.^[31] In other words: after a few days swaddling is completely unnecessary. Information technology is therefore contraindicated to address the potential risk of swaddling, because the upshot is just for a short term available, but after a little while is negligible.^[32]

Motor development [edit]

Two studies based on ethnic peoples of the Americas did not show a filibuster in the onset of walking acquired by the restraint of the use of the cradleboard.^[33] In other areas of the motor development, clear delays of the development show up fifty-fifty when mild restrictions have place.^[34] A Japanese report ended that the awarding of the handbasket cradle (ejiko) leads to a delayed onset of walking.^[35] An older Austrian study showed that swaddled Albanian babies showed a delayed ability to crawl and reach things with their easily.^[36] This shows the demand for further substantial scientific clarifying regarding the impairment of motor skills by swaddling.

Sudden baby expiry syndrome [edit]

The effects of swaddling on the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are unclear.^[37] A 2016 review found tentative evidence that swaddling increases risk of SIDS, particularly among babies placed on their stomachs or side while sleeping.^[38]

Swaddling was supposed to keep babies on their back, in order to foreclose SIDS. Swaddling itself is not seen as a protective factor for SIDS. Swaddling may even increase the risk when babies sleep in the decumbent position; it reduces the risk if they slumber in the supine position.^[39] A contempo study demonstrated at present, that swaddling is apparently a take a chance factor for SIDS, although the opposite was often previously assumed: Of the babies who died of SIDS, 24% were swaddled; in the control-groups only 6% were swaddled.^[40]

Documented negative effects [edit]

Several empirical studies show testify of negative effects of swaddling.

• Swaddling, especially traditional forms, increases the risk for hip dysplasia.^{[41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47]}
• Tight swaddling, especially where the head is covered, reduces the baby'south ability to cool its body temperature which tin lead to hyperthermia.^[48] In ane case, a heavily wrapped child died of hyperthermia.^[49]
• In i study, the risk of developing respiratory infections increased fourfold past swaddling.^[l]
• A pediatrician constitute in his sample the flattening of the occipital aspect of the caput of babies, who were wrapped tightly and lay in their traditional cradles.^[51]
• Tight chest wrapping or swaddling has been associated with an increased chance of pneumonia. Traditional tight swaddling simulates a strait jacket and prevents baby from moving their arms to cocky-settle.^{[ citation needed ]}
• In the virtually important contemporary study on swaddling practices in motherhood wards by Bystrova et al., it is shown that swaddling in the hours afterwards birth is linked with delayed recovery from post-natal weight loss.^[52] A positive effect on the recovery is given by direct skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby in the hours afterward birth.^[53] Skin-to-skin contact was shown to reduce the impact of the stress of being built-in, with babies maintaining their torso temperature to a greater degree than those swaddled in a nursery.^[54]
• The recent results of an investigation of Bystrova et al. demonstrate that maternal beliefs develops less under swaddling weather condition, and reciprocity within the mother-child dyad is reduced.^[55]

Come across also [edit]

• Babywearing
• Childbirth
• Baby massage
• Infant's binder
• Kangaroo care
• Psychohistory
• Sleeping bag (infant)

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Gerard, Claudia Yard.; Kathleen A. Harris; Bradley T. Thach (6 Dec 2002). "Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Motion and Quiet Sleep". Pediatrics. 110 (6): e70. doi:10.1542/peds.110.6.e70. PMID 12456937.
2. ^ See Blair et al. (2009).
3. ^ hipdysplasia.org.
4. ^ Phillips, Eustace Dockray (1965). The royal hordes: Nomad peoples of the steppes . Library of the early civilizations. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 15.
5. ^ DeMause, Lloyd (2002). The Emotional Life of Nations. New York: Karnac. p. 328. ISBN978-1-892746-98-half-dozen.
6. ^ DeMeo, James (2006). Saharasia: The 4000 BCE Origins of Child Abuse, Sex-Repression, Warfare and Social Violence, In the Deserts of the Old World (Revised Second ed.). Natural Energy Works. ISBN978-0-9621855-5-7.
7. ^ Thompson, Charles John S. (March 1922). "Greco-Roman votive offerings for health in the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum". Health.
8. ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey Due west. (1995). "Swaddling". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (reprint, revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 670. ISBN978-0-8028-3784-4 . Retrieved 2009-12-15 .
9. ^ Sim, Alison (1998). The Tudor Housewife. McGill-Queen'due south Press. p. 26. ISBN978-0-7509-3774-0.
10. ^ Würtz (1612), p. 726 f.
11. ^ Würtz (1612), p. 714 ff.
12. ^ DeMause, Lloyd (2002). The Emotional Life of Nations. Other Press. p. 322. ISBN978-1-892746-98-6.
13. ^ Locke (1779), p. 12.
14. ^ Cadogan (1748), p. 10.
15. ^ See van Sleuwen, et al. (2007), p. e1097
16. ^ van Gestel, Josephus Petrus Johannes; Monique Pauline L'Hoir; Maartje ten Berge; Nicolaas Johannes Georgius Jansen; Frans Berend Plötz (6 December 2002). "Risks of Ancient Practices in Modernistic Times". Pediatrics. 110 (6): e78. doi:10.1542/peds.110.6.e78. PMID 12456945.
17. ^ "Swaddling your baby".
18. ^ See Frenken (2011 a), p. 321-351, Frenken (2011 b), p. 233 ff..
19. ^ See Caglayan et al (1991), p. 117, the statistics are from the Turkish population and health survey (1978), Ankara, p. 78, 82, 114.
20. ^ Run into Nelson et al. (2000), p. e 77.
21. ^ See van Sleuwen (2007), p. e1097.
22. ^ Run across Bacon et al. (1991), p. 630.
23. ^ See Meyer & Erler (2009), p. 24, also Papusek et al., p. 20, 408.
24. ^ Van Sleuwen et al. (2007), p. e1097, e1101, e1102 and e1103.
25. ^ See Fearon et al. (1997), p. 222 ff. Swaddling hither had a pain reducing effect.
26. ^ Encounter Brusque et al. (1996), p. 25; illustration on p. 27.
27. ^ See Lipton, et al. (1965), S. 560 ff.
28. ^ See van Sleuwen, et al. (2007), p. e1097.
29. ^ Run into van Sleuwen, et al. (2007), p. e1097, e1101, e1102 and especially p. e1103, where three of 5 central and empirically convincing effects are concerned with immature babies!
30. ^ Vgl. Franco, et al. (2005), S. 1307 ff.; Chisholm (1983), Southward. 83
31. ^ See van Sleuwen, et al. (2003), (2006) und (2007)
32. ^ See Long (2007)
33. ^ See Dennis (1940 a), p. 107; Chisholm (1983), p. 83.
34. ^ Aldolph et al. (2010), p. 72 ff.
35. ^ See Lipton et al (1965), S. 564 mentioning Sofue, T.; Suye, H.; Murakami, T (1957). Anthropological report of Ejiko, Japanese cradle for child. Journal of the anthropological gild of Nihon, 66, Due south. 77-91.
36. ^ See Danzinger & Frankl (1934), Southward. 235; see also Frenken (2011), S. 44 ff.
37. ^ Moon RY, Fu L (July 2012). "Sudden infant expiry syndrome: an update". Pediatrics in Review. 33 (vii): 314–twenty. doi:10.1542/pir.33-7-314. PMID 22753789. S2CID 10784045.
38. ^ Pease, A. South.; Fleming, P. J.; Hauck, F. R.; Moon, R. Y.; Horne, R. S. C.; Lhoir, M. P.; Ponsonby, A.-Fifty.; Blair, P. S. (2016). "Swaddling and the Gamble of Sudden Infant Expiry Syndrome: A Meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 137 (vi): e20153275. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3275. PMID 27244847.
39. ^ Meet Thach (2009), p. 461, Richardson et al. (2009), p. 475 ff.
40. ^ Meet Blair et al. (2009). In the sample, ane quarter of the babies who died of SIDS were swaddled. See also Richardson et al. (2009).
41. ^ See Kutlu et al. (1992), p. 598 f.
42. ^ Akman et al. (2007), p. 290
43. ^ Chaarani et al. (2002)
44. ^ Kremli et al. (2003)
45. ^ Torjesen, I. (2013). "Swaddling increases babies' hazard of hip abnormalities". BMJ. 347: f6499. doi:10.1136/bmj.f6499. S2CID 72296029.
46. ^ Mahan & Kasser (2008)
47. ^ Mafart et al. (2007).
48. ^ See Bacon et al (1991), p. 627 ff., Cheng & Partridge (1993), p. 238 ff., likewise van Sleuwen et al. (2007), p. e1101.
49. ^ Run across van Gestel et al. (2002). Run across as well Task Force on Baby Slumber Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (2000), p. 654.
50. ^ See Yurdakok et al. (1990), p. 878
51. ^ See Bloch (1966). p. 645 (Kurdish sample), also Young (2005) for a prehistoric indigenous population.
52. ^ See Bystrova et al. (2007 a), p. 29 ff.
53. ^ Encounter Bystrova et al. (2007 a), p. 37 f.; also Bystrova et al. (2003), p. 324.
54. ^ Meet also Kennell & MacGrath (2003), p. 273.
55. ^ Come across Bystrova (2008), p. 46.

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External links [edit]

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Swaddling.

• Swaddling band in The 5&A Museum of Babyhood
• Terracotta of a swaddled baby in Imperial Museum of Art and History, Brussels
• 18th Century Baby Swaddling Photo Series, Sharon Ann Burnston

huffmanwitena.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaddling

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